Brain, Vol. 116, No. 3, 511-525, 1993
© 1993 Guarantors of Brain
research-article |
Rapid modulation of human cortical motor outputs following ischaemic nerve block
1Human Cortical Physiology Unit, Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda New York, USA 2Departments of Physiology and Neurology, State University of New York Science Center, Brooklyn New York, USA
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to: Leonardo G. Cohen, MD, Bldg 10, Room 5N226, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
The amplitudes of motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation from muscles immediately proximal to a temporarily anaesthetized [Bier's block] human forearm increase in minutes after the onset of anaesthesia and return to control values after the anaesthesia subsides. In order to determine the level at which the early modulation of human motor outputs takes place, we recorded maximal H reflexes, peripheral M responses, motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation, and motor evoked potentials to transcranial electrical stimulation and spinal electrical stimulation from a muscle immediately proximal to a limb segment made ischaemic by a pneumatic tourniquest. The amplitudes of motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation, but not to transcranial electrical stimulation and spinal electrical stimulation, were larger during ischaemia, implying that the site of change was in the motor cortex. The maximal H/M ratios were unaffected by ischaemia, indicating that 
-motor neuron excitability to segmental la inputs remained unchanged. The map of cortical representation areas for this muscle obtained with transcranial magnetic stimulation was also enlarged. Taken together, our findings suggest that the temporary removal by ischaemic nerve block of myelinated afferent inputs reduces inhibition at the motor cortical level and that this disinhibition is responsible for the increased excitability of the cortico-spinal system.
Received June 3, 1992. Revised October 15, 1992. Accepted November 25, 1992.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  H. Kumru, M. Kofler, J. Valls-Sole, E. Portell, and J. Vidal Brainstem Reflexes Are Enhanced Following Severe Spinal Cord Injury and Reduced by Continuous Intrathecal Baclofen Neurorehabil Neural Repair, November 1, 2009; 23(9): 921 - 927. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Koganemaru, T. Mima, M. Nakatsuka, Y. Ueki, H. Fukuyama, and K. Domen Human motor associative plasticity induced by paired bihemispheric stimulation J. Physiol., October 1, 2009; 587(19): 4629 - 4644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. COERT, M. W. STENEKES, A. M. J. PAANS, J.-P. A. NICOLAI, and B. M. DE JONG Clinical Implications of Cerebral Reorganisation after Primary Digital Flexor Tendon Repair J Hand Surg Eur Vol., August 1, 2009; 34(4): 444 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D P Alvarenga, M F Couto, and V F Pessoa Filling in at partially deafferented visual cortex Br J Ophthalmol, September 1, 2008; 92(9): 1257 - 1260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Reis, O. B. Swayne, Y. Vandermeeren, M. Camus, M. A. Dimyan, M. Harris-Love, M. A. Perez, P. Ragert, J. C. Rothwell, and L. G. Cohen Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control J. Physiol., January 15, 2008; 586(2): 325 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Gritsenko, N. I. Krouchev, and J. F. Kalaska Afferent Input, Efference Copy, Signal Noise, and Biases in Perception of Joint Angle During Active Versus Passive Elbow Movements J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2007; 98(3): 1140 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. T. Reilly, C. Mercier, M. H. Schieber, and A. Sirigu Reply: Persistent hand commands in the motor cortex of amputees' brain Brain, February 1, 2007; 130(2): e66 - e66. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. C Maier and M. E Schwab Sprouting, regeneration and circuit formation in the injured spinal cord: factors and activity Phil Trans R Soc B, September 29, 2006; 361(1473): 1611 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.J. Chen, H.L. Liu, F.C. Wei, and N.-S. Chu Functional MR Imaging of the Human Sensorimotor Cortex After Toe-to-Finger Transplantation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2006; 27(8): 1617 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Franchi and C. Veronesi Short-term reorganization of input-deprived motor vibrissae representation following motor disconnection in adult rats J. Physiol., July 15, 2006; 574(2): 457 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bretzner and T. Drew Changes in Corticospinal Efficacy Contribute to the Locomotor Plasticity Observed After Unilateral Cutaneous Denervation of the Hindpaw in the Cat J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2911 - 2927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Jensen, P. C. D. Marstrand, and J. B. Nielsen Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1558 - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Alkadhi, P. Brugger, S. H. Boendermaker, G. Crelier, A. Curt, M.-C. Hepp-Reymond, and S. S. Kollias What Disconnection Tells about Motor Imagery: Evidence from Paraplegic Patients Cereb Cortex, February 1, 2005; 15(2): 131 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Ellaway, A. Prochazka, M. Chan, and M. J. Gauthier The sense of movement elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans is due to sensory feedback J. Physiol., April 15, 2004; 556(2): 651 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Butefisch Plasticity in the Human Cerebral Cortex: Lessons from the Normal Brain and from Stroke Neuroscientist, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 163 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Butefisch, J. Netz, M. Wessling, R. J. Seitz, and V. Homberg Remote changes in cortical excitability after stroke Brain, February 1, 2003; 126(2): 470 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Pyndt and J. B. Nielsen Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2003; 89(1): 304 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sailer, G. F Molnar, D. I Cunic, and R. Chen Effects of peripheral sensory input on cortical inhibition in humans J. Physiol., October 15, 2002; 544(2): 617 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Muellbacher, C. Richards, U. Ziemann, G. Wittenberg, D. Weltz, B. Boroojerdi, L. Cohen, and M. Hallett Improving Hand Function in Chronic Stroke Arch Neurol, August 1, 2002; 59(8): 1278 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Werhahn, J. Mortensen, A. Kaelin-Lang, B. Boroojerdi, and L. G. Cohen Cortical excitability changes induced by deafferentation of the contralateral hemisphere Brain, June 1, 2002; 125(6): 1402 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Mikulis, M. T. Jurkiewicz, W. E. McIlroy, W. R. Staines, L. Rickards, S. Kalsi-Ryan, A. P. Crawley, M. G. Fehlings, and M. C. Verrier Adaptation in the motor cortex following cervical spinal cord injury Neurology, March 12, 2002; 58(5): 794 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P A McNulty, V G Macefield, J L Taylor, and M Hallett Cortically evoked neural volleys to the human hand are increased during ischaemic block of the forearm J. Physiol., January 1, 2002; 538(1): 279 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Aimonetti and J. B. Nielsen Changes in intracortical excitability induced by stimulation of wrist afferents in man J. Physiol., August 1, 2001; 534(3): 891 - 902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Karl, N. Birbaumer, W. Lutzenberger, L. G. Cohen, and H. Flor Reorganization of Motor and Somatosensory Cortex in Upper Extremity Amputees with Phantom Limb Pain J. Neurosci., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3609 - 3618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Seki, Y. Taniguchi, and M. Narusawa Alterations in contractile properties of human skeletal muscle induced by joint immobilization J. Physiol., February 1, 2001; 530(3): 521 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-X. Qi, I. Stepniewska, and J. H. Kaas Reorganization of Primary Motor Cortex in Adult Macaque Monkeys With Long-Standing Amputations J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2000; 84(4): 2133 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Schieber New Views of the Primary Motor Cortex Neuroscientist, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 380 - 389. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Liepert, H. Bauder, W. H. R. Miltner, E. Taub, and C. Weiller Treatment-Induced Cortical Reorganization After Stroke in Humans Stroke, June 1, 2000; 31(6): 1210 - 1216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Stefan, E. Kunesch, L. G. Cohen, R. Benecke, and J. Classen Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation Brain, March 1, 2000; 123(3): 572 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hallett {blacksquare} REVIEW : Plasticity in the Human Motor System Neuroscientist, September 1, 1999; 5(5): 324 - 332. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Green, E. Sora, Y. Bialy, A. Ricamato, and R. W. Thatcher Cortical motor reorganization after paraplegia: An EEG study Neurology, September 1, 1999; 53(4): 736 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Roricht, B.-U. Meyer, L. Niehaus, and S. A. Brandt Long-term reorganization of motor cortex outputs after arm amputation Neurology, July 1, 1999; 53(1): 106 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S C Gandevia and C M L Phegan Perceptual distortions of the human body image produced by local anaesthesia, pain and cutaneous stimulation J. Physiol., January 15, 1999; 514(2): 609 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Classen, J. Liepert, S. P. Wise, M. Hallett, and L. G. Cohen Rapid Plasticity of Human Cortical Movement Representation Induced by Practice J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1117 - 1123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Weinrich, S. Armentrout, and J. Reggia A Neural Model of Recovery from Lesions in the Somatosensory System Neurorehabil Neural Repair, January 1, 1995; 9(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Schieber Physiological Bases for Functional Recovery Neurorehabil Neural Repair, January 1, 1995; 9(2): 65 - 71. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Pascual-Leone, J Grafman, and M Hallett Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge Science, March 4, 1994; 263(5151): 1287 - 1289. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P A McNulty, V G Macefield, J L Taylor, and M Hallett Cortically evoked neural volleys to the human hand are increased during ischaemic block of the forearm J. Physiol., January 1, 2002; 538(1): 279 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|