Brain, Vol. 118, No. 3, 629-660, 1995
© 1995 Guarantors of Brain
research-article |
Abnormalities of gyration, heterotopias, tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and dysgenesis of the archicortex in epilepsy: Clinical, EEG and neuroimaging features in 100 adult patients
1Epilepsy Research Group Praed Street, London 2Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurology Praed Street, London 3Department of Radiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Praed Street, London 4St Mary's Hospital Praed Street, London 5The National Society for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter Gerrards Cross, UK
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to: Dr D. R. Fish, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG, UK
Cerebral cortical dysgenesis (CD) is a heterogeneous disorder of cortical development and organization commonly associated with epilepsy, with a variety of subtypes. We reviewed the clinical, EEG and neuroimaging features in 100 adult patients with CD. There were 39 men and 61 women with a median age of 27 years (range 15–63 years). All patients were referred because of medically refractory epilepsy. Median age at seizure onset was 10 years (range 3 weeks to 39 years); in 30 patients, onset was in adulthood. The epilepsy was classified as generalized in 16 patients and localization-related in 84. Of the latter, the epileptic syndromes in decreasing frequency were frontal (32%), temporal (31%), parietal (14%) and occipital (7%). Only 15% of patients had a history of status epilepticus. Prenatal/ perinatal problems were reported in 32 patients but these were severe in only four: exposure to drugs (three) and infection (one) during the first trimester. Delayed developmental milestones were seen in 10%, mental retardation in 9%, additional congenital abnormalities in 4% and neurological deficits in 14% of patients. Diagnosis of CD was based on neuroimaging in 70, pathology in four and both methods in the remaining 26. The following subcategories were identified: agyria/diffuse macrogyria (four patients), focal macrogyria (16), focal polymicrogyria (one), focal macrogyria/polymicrogyria associated with a cleft (II), 20 months; range 2 months to 14 years). Eleven of the 21 patients with DNT and four out of 14 patients with other forms of CD were completely seizure-free (one with focal cortical dysplasia, two with hippocampal sclerosis associated with CD and one with microdysgenesis). Of the patients with DNT, eight out of 10 were seizure-free after a lobectomy as compared with three out of 11 after a lesionectomy (P < 0.05). Of 46 age-matched healthy volunteers (median age 28 years) minor gyral abnormalities (seven), subependymal grey matter heterotopia (20), bilateral subcortical laminar grey matter heterotopia (eight), tuberous sclerosis (five), focal cortical dysplasia/microdysgenesis (seven) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNT) (21). Sixty-eight percent of patients had normal CT and 19 out of 36 patients had normal previous conventional MRI. MRI-based hippocampal volume measurements in 47 patients revealed ratios (smaller: larger hippocampus) of <0.90 in 16, 0.90–0.94 in 14 and 
0.95 in 17 patients. EEGs were normal in only five patients. Alpha rhythm was preserved in 78 patients, including one patient with bilateral posterior macrogyria. Localized polymorphic slow activity was present in 43 patients. Five of 68 patients with focal/unilateral CD had only bilateral independent/ synchronous spiking and 14 out of 32 with diffuse/bilateral CD only focal/unilateral spiking. In 60 patients with nondiffuse CD or with abnormal gyration or DNT, the epileptiform abnormalities were less extensive than coextensive with the lesion in 28, more extensive than and overlapped the lesion in 18 and remote from the lesion in five; nine patients did not have epileptiform abnormalities. There was poor correlation between the epileptic syndromes and EEG abnormalities and the location/extent of CD as defined by MRI and pathology. Fifteen out of 35 patients were completely seizure-free after surgery (median follow-up who had high resolution MRI, only one showed possible CD (subependymal heterotopia). The heterogeneity of the morphological abnormalities associated with CD is reflected by the varied clinical, EEG and neuroimaging features. The recognition that there are subtle forms of CD which may be diagnosed by high resolution MRI will result in a diminution in the number of adult patients categorized as having cryptogenic epilepsy.
cortical dysgenesis; neuroblast migration; epilepsy; MRI; EEG
Received May 20, 1994. Revised December 5, 1994. Accepted January 16, 1995.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Aubert, F. Wendling, J. Regis, A. McGonigal, D. Figarella-Branger, J.-C. Peragut, N. Girard, P. Chauvel, and F. Bartolomei Local and remote epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasias and neurodevelopmental tumours Brain, November 1, 2009; 132(11): 3072 - 3086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Garbelli, L. Rossini, R. F. Moroni, A. Watakabe, T. Yamamori, L. Tassi, M. Bramerio, G. L. Russo, C. Frassoni, and R. Spreafico Layer-specific genes reveal a rudimentary laminar pattern in human nodular heterotopia Neurology, September 8, 2009; 73(10): 746 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fauser, S. M. Sisodiya, L. Martinian, M. Thom, C. Gumbinger, H.-J. Huppertz, C. Hader, K. Strobl, B. J. Steinhoff, M. Prinz, et al. Multi-focal occurrence of cortical dysplasia in epilepsy patients Brain, August 1, 2009; 132(8): 2079 - 2090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Jacobs, P. LeVan, C.-E. Chatillon, A. Olivier, F. Dubeau, and J. Gotman High frequency oscillations in intracranial EEGs mark epileptogenicity rather than lesion type Brain, April 1, 2009; 132(4): 1022 - 1037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Besson, F. Andermann, F. Dubeau, and A. Bernasconi Small focal cortical dysplasia lesions are located at the bottom of a deep sulcus Brain, December 1, 2008; 131(12): 3246 - 3255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tyvaert, C. Hawco, E. Kobayashi, P. LeVan, F. Dubeau, and J. Gotman Different structures involved during ictal and interictal epileptic activity in malformations of cortical development: an EEG-fMRI study Brain, August 1, 2008; 131(8): 2042 - 2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Katsoulakou, A. Kiamili, and D. Karaiskos A Rare Case of Epilepsy in a 16-Year-Old Girl With Fallot Tetralogy Attributed to CNS Heterotopia and Pachygyria J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 2007; 19(2): 194 - 195. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W. Hetts, E. H. Sherr, S. Chao, S. Gobuty, and A. J. Barkovich Anomalies of the corpus callosum: an MR analysis of the phenotypic spectrum of associated malformations. Am. J. Roentgenol., November 1, 2006; 187(5): 1343 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Kobayashi, A. P. Bagshaw, C. Grova, J. Gotman, and F. Dubeau Grey matter heterotopia: what EEG-fMRI can tell us about epileptogenicity of neuronal migration disorders Brain, February 1, 2006; 129(2): 366 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Barkovich, R. I. Kuzniecky, G. D. Jackson, R. Guerrini, and W. B. Dobyns A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development Neurology, December 27, 2005; 65(12): 1873 - 1887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Bernasconi, D. Kinay, F. Andermann, S. Antel, and A. Bernasconi Analysis of shape and positioning of the hippocampal formation: an MRI study in patients with partial epilepsy and healthy controls Brain, October 1, 2005; 128(10): 2442 - 2452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Federico, J. S. Archer, D. F. Abbott, and G. D. Jackson Cortical/subcortical BOLD changes associated with epileptic discharges: An EEG-fMRI study at 3 T Neurology, April 12, 2005; 64(7): 1125 - 1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Battaglia, S. Franceschetti, L. Chiapparini, E. Freri, S. Bassanini, A. Giavazzi, A. Finardi, F. Taroni, and T. Granata Electroencephalographic Recordings of Focal Seizures in Patients Affected by Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia: Role of the Heterotopic Nodules in the Genesis of Epileptic Discharges J Child Neurol, April 1, 2005; 20(4): 369 - 377. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Sakuta, H. Otsubo, M. A. Nolan, S. K. Weiss, C. Hawkins, J. T. Rutka, N. A. Chuang, S. H. Chuang, and O. C. Snead III Recurrent Intractable Seizures in Children With Cortical Dysplasia Adjacent to Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor J Child Neurol, April 1, 2005; 20(4): 377 - 384. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Andres, V. M. Andre, S. Nguyen, N. Salamon, C. Cepeda, M. S. Levine, J. P. Leite, L. Neder, H. V. Vinters, and G. W. Mathern Human Cortical Dysplasia and Epilepsy: An Ontogenetic Hypothesis Based on Volumetric MRI and NeuN Neuronal Density and Size Measurements Cereb Cortex, February 1, 2005; 15(2): 194 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tassi, N. Colombo, M. Cossu, R. Mai, S. Francione, G. Lo Russo, C. Galli, M. Bramerio, G. Battaglia, R. Garbelli, et al. Electroclinical, MRI and neuropathological study of 10 patients with nodular heterotopia, with surgical outcomes Brain, February 1, 2005; 128(2): 321 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fauser, A. Schulze-Bonhage, J. Honegger, H. Carmona, H.-J. Huppertz, G. Pantazis, S. Rona, T. Bast, K. Strobl, B. J. Steinhoff, et al. Focal cortical dysplasias: surgical outcome in 67 patients in relation to histological subtypes and dual pathology Brain, November 1, 2004; 127(11): 2406 - 2418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Shaw, E. J. Lawrence, C. Radbourne, J. Bramham, C. E. Polkey, and A. S. David The impact of early and late damage to the human amygdala on 'theory of mind' reasoning Brain, July 1, 2004; 127(7): 1535 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Palmini, I. Najm, G. Avanzini, T. Babb, R. Guerrini, N. Foldvary-Schaefer, G. Jackson, H. O. Luders, R. Prayson, R. Spreafico, et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias Neurology, March 23, 2004; 62(6_suppl_3): S2 - S8. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Foldvary-Schaefer, J. Bautista, F. Andermann, G. Cascino, and S. Spencer Focal malformations of cortical development Neurology, March 23, 2004; 62(6_suppl_3): S14 - S19. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Bingaman Surgery for focal cortical dysplasia Neurology, March 23, 2004; 62(6_suppl_3): S30 - S34. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Battaglia, S. Franceschetti, L. Chiapparini, E. Freri, S. Bassanini, A. Giavazzi, A. Finardi, F. Taroni, and T. Granata Electroencephalographic Recordings of Focal Seizures in Patients Affected by Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia: Role of the Heterotopic Nodules in the Genesis of Epileptic Discharges J Child Neurol, March 1, 2004; 19(3): 369 - 377. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Sakuta, H. Otsubo, M. A. Nolan, S. K. Weiss, C. Hawkins, J. T. Rutka, N. A. Chuang, S. H. Chuang, and O. Carter Snead Recurrent Intractable Seizures in Children With Cortical Dysplasia Adjacent to Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor J Child Neurol, March 1, 2004; 19(3): 377 - 384. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Francione, P Vigliano, L Tassi, F Cardinale, R Mai, G Lo Russo, and C Munari Surgery for drug resistant partial epilepsy in children with focal cortical dysplasia: anatomical-clinical correlations and neurophysiological data in 10 patients J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2003; 74(11): 1493 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hammers, M. J. Koepp, M. P. Richardson, R. Hurlemann, D. J. Brooks, and J. S. Duncan Grey and white matter flumazenil binding in neocortical epilepsy with normal MRI. A PET study of 44 patients Brain, June 1, 2003; 126(6): 1300 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U C Wieshmann Clinical application of neuroimaging in epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2003; 74(4): 466 - 470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Mackay, L. E. Becker, S. H. Chuang, H. Otsubo, N. A. Chuang, J. Rutka, B. Ben-Zeev, O. C. Snead III, and S. K. Weiss Malformations of cortical development with balloon cells: Clinical and radiologic correlates Neurology, February 25, 2003; 60(4): 580 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Kral, H Clusmann, I Blumcke, R Fimmers, B Ostertun, M Kurthen, and J Schramm Outcome of epilepsy surgery in focal cortical dysplasia J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2003; 74(2): 183 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bocti, Y. Robitaille, P. Diadori, A. Lortie, C. Mercier, A. Bouthillier, and L. Carmant The pathological basis of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood Neurology, January 28, 2003; 60(2): 191 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. L. So Role of Neuroimaging in the Management of Seizure Disorders Mayo Clin. Proc., November 1, 2002; 77(11): 1251 - 1264. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Vigliano, C. Canavese, B. Bobba, L. Genitori, F. Papalia, S. Padovan, and M. Forni Transmantle Dysplasia in Tuberous Sclerosis: Clinical Features and Surgical Outcome in Four Children J Child Neurol, October 1, 2002; 17(10): 752 - 758. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hammers, M. J. Koepp, R. Hurlemann, M. Thom, M. P. Richardson, D. J. Brooks, and J. S. Duncan Abnormalities of grey and white matter [11C]flumazenil binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI Brain, October 1, 2002; 125(10): 2257 - 2271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Boesebeck, R. Schulz, T. May, and A. Ebner Lateralizing semiology predicts the seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in the posterior cortex Brain, October 1, 2002; 125(10): 2320 - 2331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tassi, N. Colombo, R. Garbelli, S. Francione, G. Lo Russo, R. Mai, F. Cardinale, M. Cossu, A. Ferrario, C. Galli, et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome Brain, August 1, 2002; 125(8): 1719 - 1732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Akai, H. Otsubo, E. W. Pang, J. T. Rutka, S. Chitoku, S. K. Weiss, and O. C. Snead Complex Central Cortex in Pediatric Patients With Malformations of Cortical Development J Child Neurol, May 1, 2002; 17(5): 347 - 352. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Barkovich, R. I. Kuzniecky, G. D. Jackson, R. Guerrini, and W. B. Dobyns Classification system for malformations of cortical development: Update 2001 Neurology, December 26, 2001; 57(12): 2168 - 2178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hammers, M. J. Koepp, M. P. Richardson, C. Labbe, D. J. Brooks, V. J. Cunningham, and J. S. Duncan Central benzodiazepine receptors in malformations of cortical development: A quantitative study Brain, August 1, 2001; 124(8): 1555 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Shimizu, T. Maehara, T. Hino, T. Komori, H. Shimizu, A. Yagishita, T. Yokota, S. Hirai, and P. M. Rossini Effect of multiple subpial transection on motor cortical excitability in cortical dysgenesis Brain, July 1, 2001; 124(7): 1336 - 1349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bothwell, G. E. Meredith, J. Phillips, H. Staunton, C. Doherty, E. Grigorenko, S. Glazier, S. A. Deadwyler, C. A. O'Donovan, and M. Farrell Neuronal Hypertrophy in the Neocortex of Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy J. Neurosci., July 1, 2001; 21(13): 4789 - 4800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U C Wieshmann, K Krakow, M R Symms, G J M Parker, C A Clark, G J Barker, and S D Shorvon Combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging demonstrate widespread modified organisation in malformation of cortical development J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2001; 70(4): 521 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Eriksson, F. J. Rugg-Gunn, M. R. Symms, G. J. Barker, and J. S. Duncan Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development Brain, March 1, 2001; 124(3): 617 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. G. Woermann, M. A. McLean, P. A. Bartlett, G. J. Barker, and J. S. Duncan Quantitative short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy Brain, February 1, 2001; 124(2): 427 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Wenzel, C. A. Robbins, L.-H. Tsai, and P. A. Schwartzkroin Abnormal Morphological and Functional Organization of the Hippocampus in a p35 Mutant Model of Cortical Dysplasia Associated with Spontaneous Seizures J. Neurosci., February 1, 2001; 21(3): 983 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. James Barkovich and R. I. Kuzniecky Gray matter heterotopia Neurology, December 12, 2000; 55(11): 1603 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Zhu and S. N. Roper Reduced Inhibition in an Animal Model of Cortical Dysplasia J. Neurosci., December 1, 2000; 20(23): 8925 - 8931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Edwards, E. Wyllie, P. M. Ruggeri, W. Bingaman, H. Luders, P. Kotagal, D. S. Dinner, H. H. Morris, R. A. Prayson, and Y. G. Comair Seizure outcome after surgery for epilepsy due to malformation of cortical development Neurology, October 24, 2000; 55(8): 1110 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Chassoux, B. Devaux, E. Landre, B. Turak, F. Nataf, P. Varlet, J.-P. Chodkiewicz, and C. Daumas-Duport Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia: A 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex Brain, August 1, 2000; 123(8): 1733 - 1751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Baxendale, P. J. Thompson, and N. D. Kitchen Postoperative hippocampal remnant shrinkage and memory decline: A dynamic process Neurology, July 25, 2000; 55(2): 243 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Hagemann, C. Redecker, and O. W. Witte Intact Functional Inhibition in the Surround of Experimentally Induced Focal Cortical Dysplasias in Rats J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 600 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Redecker, H. J. Luhmann, G. Hagemann, J.-M. Fritschy, and O. W. Witte Differential Downregulation of GABAA Receptor Subunits in Widespread Brain Regions in the Freeze-Lesion Model of Focal Cortical Malformations J. Neurosci., July 1, 2000; 20(13): 5045 - 5053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Sisodiya Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy Brain, June 1, 2000; 123(6): 1075 - 1091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Bronen, D. D. Spencer, and R. K. Fulbright Cerebrospinal Fluid Cleft with Cortical Dimple: MR Imaging Marker for Focal Cortical Dysgenesis Radiology, March 1, 2000; 214(3): 657 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Mitchell, E. M. Simon, R. A. Filly, and A. J. Barkovich Antenatal Diagnosis of Subependymal Heterotopia AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 2000; 21(2): 296 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Nordborg, S. Eriksson, B. Rydenhag, P. Uvebrant, and K. Malmgren Microdysgenesis in surgical specimens from patients with epilepsy: occurrence and clinical correlations J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 1999; 67(4): 521 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Leventer, E. M. Phelan, L. T. Coleman, M. J. Kean, G. D. Jackson, and A. S. Harvey Clinical and imaging features of cortical malformations in childhood Neurology, September 1, 1999; 53(4): 715 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Koutroumanidis, M. J. Hennessy, R. D. C. Elwes, C. D. Binnie, and C. E. Polkey Coexistence of temporal lobe and idiopathic generalized epilepsies Neurology, August 1, 1999; 53(3): 490 - 490. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Federico, P. Tomasetti, M. Zollino, M. Diomedi, M. T. Dotti, N. De Stefano, G. F. Gualdi, G. Neri, and G. L. Gigli Association of trisomy 9p and band heterotopia Neurology, July 1, 1999; 53(2): 430 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Vossler, Jung Kyo Lee, and Tae Sung Ko Treatment of Seizures in Subcortical Laminar Heterotopia With Corpus Callosotomy and Lamotrigine J Child Neurol, May 1, 1999; 14(5): 282 - 288. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Hannan, S. Servotte, A. Katsnelson, S. Sisodiya, C. Blakemore, M. Squier, and Z. Molnar Characterization of nodular neuronal heterotopia in children Brain, February 1, 1999; 122(2): 219 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kuzniecky, S. S. Ho, R. Martin, E. Faught, R. Morawetz, C. Palmer, and F. Gilliam Temporal lobe developmental malformations and hippocampal sclerosis: Epilepsy surgical outcome Neurology, February 1, 1999; 52(3): 479 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Jacobs, B. J. Hwang, and D. A. Prince Focal Epileptogenesis in a Rat Model of Polymicrogyria J Neurophysiol, January 1, 1999; 81(1): 159 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P D MOLYNEUX, R A BARKER, M THOM, W VAN PAESSCHEN, W F HARKNESS, and J S DUNCAN Successful treatment of intractable epilepsia partialis continua with multiple subpial transections J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 1998; 65(1): 137a - 138. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Itoh, T. Morita, S. Houdou, S. Kato, E. Ohama, M. Mizushima, and T. Hori Two Cases of Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumors With Intractable Complex Partial Seizures J Child Neurol, January 1, 1997; 12(1): 67 - 70. [PDF]
|
|