Brain, Vol. 119, No. 4, 1199-1211, 1996
© 1996 Guarantors of Brain
research-article |
Throwing while looking through prisms
II. Specificity and storage of multiple gaze—throw calibrations
1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, USA 2The Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, USA 3Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, USA 4The Irene Walter Johnson Institute of Rehabilitation Research, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, USA
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to: W. T. Thach, MD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8108, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
Human subjects threw balls of clay at a visual target while looking through wedge prism spectacles. In studies of short-term adjustment, subjects threw in the direction of their prism-bent gaze, missing the target to that side. Within 10–30 throws, they gradually adapted with a wider gaze-throw angle and hit the target. Immediately after removal of the prisms the wide gaze-throw angle persisted and throws missed the target to the opposite side, the so-called ‘negative after-effect’. Repeated throws were required to adapt back to the normal gaze-throw angle and hit the target. The adaptation was specific both to the body parts trained and the type of throw trained: training with the right hand did not generalize to throwing with the left; overhand training seldom generalized to underhand throwing. In a study of long-term adjustment, two subjects threw with the same hand (right) and the same type of throw (overhand) alternately, with and without prisms, over a period of 6 weeks. They gradually learned to hit the target on the first throw, with and without prisms. The two gaze—throw calibrations (prism and no-prism) were retained for >27 months. The long-term adjustment was shown to consist of a coordinated relationship of eye-in-head, head-on-trunk and trunk-on-arm angles.
throwing; prism; motor adaptation; learning
Received December 29, 1995. Accepted February 16, 1996.
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