Brain, Vol. 119, No. 6, 1887-1893, 1996
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Inclusion body myositis in HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infected patients
1The Neuromuscular Diseases Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, NIH Bethesda, Maryland 2The Department of Neurology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance, California, USA
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to: Marinos C. Dalakas, MD, Neuromuscular Diseases Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stoke, Building 10, Room 4N248, MSC 1382, Bethesda, MD 20892-1382, USA
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common inflammatory myopathy affecting patients over the age of 50 years. Dysimmune and degenerative aetiologies have been postulated, but viral infections have not been associated with the disease. Two HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infected men and one woman infected with HTLV-1 (human T cell leukaemia virus type 1) developed progressive proximal muscle weakness unrelated to antiretroviral therapy. Their muscle biopsies were studied by light and electron microscopy, by immunocytochemistry to determine the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and identify the type of infiltrating cells and T cell receptor (TCR) subunits, and by reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and single or double immunocytochemistry to search for retrovirally infected endomysial cells. The clinical features were consistent with sporadic IBM. The muscle biopsies showed primary endomysial inflammation, red-rimmed vacuoles, amyloid deposits, eosinophilic inclusions, and small round fibres in groups, all diagnostic of IBM. The muscle fibres expressed MHC class-1 antigens and were invaded primarily by CD8+ T-lymphocytes preferentially bearing TCR Vß5.1 and Vß13 chains. The HIV-1 or HTLV-I antigens were detected only on endomysial macrophages on or around muscle fibres, but not within the muscle fibres. We conclude that IBM occurs in HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infected individuals and has a clinical, histological and immunological pattern identical to sporadic IBM in the non-retrovirally infected patients. Retroviruses do not directly infect the muscle, but persistent retroviral infections may provide superantigenic stimulation and trigger an endomysial inflammatory response identical to that occurring in sporadic IBM.
inclusion body myositis; HIV-1; HTLV-1; superantigen
Received March 13, 1996. Revised June 28, 1996. Accepted July 27, 1996.
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