Brain, Vol 121, Issue 12 2271-2299, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
NE Crone, DL Miglioretti, B Gordon, JM Sieracki, MT Wilson, S Uematsu and RP Lesser
Human scalp EEG studies have shown that event-related desynchronization
(ERD) in the alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (15-25 Hz) bands may be used to
detect functional activation of sensorimotor cortex. However, in most
previous studies somatotopy has not been examined in detail and brief,
self-paced movements, focusing on the planning of motor output, have been
used. We recorded electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals in five clinical
subjects during a visual-motor decision task that was designed to activate
the representations of different body parts in sensorimotor cortex. To
focus more on execution of motor output than on its planning, subjects were
instructed to make sustained isometric muscle contractions in different
body parts (tongue protrusion, fist-clenching or foot dorsiflexion) in
response to randomized visual stimuli depicting each action. ECoG spectral
analysis utilized a mixed-effects analysis of variance model in which
within-trial temporal dependencies were taken into account, and the
magnitude and statistical significance of alpha and beta ERDs were mapped
onto a surface rendering of each subject's brain MRI. Cortical electrical
stimulation was performed in all subjects for clinical purposes, and the
resulting maps of sensorimotor function were compared with those generated
by ECoG spectral analysis. During the early phases of the motor responses,
alpha ERD commonly occurred in a diffuse spatial pattern that was not
somatotopically specific. During the late phases, the spatial pattern of
alpha ERD usually became more focused and somatotopically specific. Maps of
alpha ERD were closer to cortical stimulation maps when alpha ERD was
sustained throughout the late phases of the motor responses. Thus, the
topography of alpha ERD more resembled traditional somatotopy when its
temporal profile approximated that of the motor response. The topography of
beta ERD was often more discrete and somatotopically specific than that of
alpha ERD, but beta ERD was often transient and sometimes absent.
Sometimes, unilateral limb movement produced sustained alpha and beta ERD
over bilateral sensorimotor cortices, with overlapping patterns for
different body parts. The topographical spread of alpha ERD beyond expected
functional-anatomical boundaries during early (and sometimes late) phases
of motor responses invites a re- examination of traditional assumptions
about sensorimotor functional neuroanatomy, as well as the role of alpha
ERD as an index of cortical activation. We agree with others that the
somatotopic representations of different body parts overlap more than
previously thought. Also, unilateral limb movements may be associated with
both contralateral and ipsilateral activation of sensorimotor cortex. We
conjecture that alpha ERD may reflect activity within a broad synaptic
network with distributed cortical representations.
ARTICLES
Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. I. Alpha and beta event- related desynchronization
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ncrone@jhmi.edu
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