Brain, Vol 121, Issue 12 2301-2315, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
NE Crone, DL Miglioretti, B Gordon and RP Lesser
It has been shown in animals that neuronal activity in the 'gamma band'
(>30 Hz) is associated with cortical activation and may play a role in
multi-regional and multi-modal integration of cortical processing. Studies
of gamma activity in human scalp EEG have typically focused on
event-related synchronization (ERS) in the 40 Hz band. To assess further
the gamma band ERS further, as an index of cortical activation and as a
tool for human functional brain mapping, we recorded subdural
electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals in five clinical subjects while they
performed visual-motor decision tasks designed to activate the
representations of different body parts in sensorimotor cortex. ECoG
spectral analysis utilized a mixed-effects analysis of variance model in
which within-trial temporal dependencies were accounted for. Taking an
exploratory approach, we studied gamma ERS in 10-Hz-wide bands (overlapping
by 5 Hz) ranging from 30 to 100 Hz, and compared these findings with
changes in the alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (15-25 Hz) bands. Gamma ERS
(observed in three out of subjects) occurred in two broad bands-'low gamma'
included the 35-45 and 40-50 Hz bands, and 'high gamma' the 75-85, 80-90,
85-95 and 90-100 Hz bands. The temporal and spatial characteristics of low
and high gamma ERS were distinct, suggesting relatively independent
neurophysiological mechanisms. Low gamma ERS often began after onset of the
motor response and was sustained through much of it, in parallel with
event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha band. High gamma ERS
often began during, or slightly before, the motor response and was
transient, ending well before completion of the motor response. These
temporal differences in low and high gamma suggest different functional
associations with motor performance. Compared with alpha and beta ERD, the
topographical patterns of low and high gamma ERS were more discrete and
somatotopically specific and only occurred over contralateral sensorimotor
cortex during unilateral limb movements (alpha and beta ERD were also
observed ipsilaterally). Maps of sensorimotor function inferred from gamma
ERS were consistent with maps generated by cortical electrical stimulation
for clinical purposes. In addition, different task conditions in one
subject produced consistent differences in both motor response latencies
and onset latency of gamma ERS, particularly high gamma ERS. Compared with
alpha and beta ERD, the topography of gamma ERS is more consistent with
traditional maps of sensorimotor functional anatomy. In addition, gamma ERS
may provide complementary information about cortical neurophysiology that
is useful for mapping brain function in humans.
ARTICLES
Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. II. Event-related synchronization in the gamma band
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ncrone@jhmi.edu
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