Brain, Vol 121, Issue 4 755-766, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
MJ Majsak, T Kaminski, AM Gentile and JR Flanagan
Two-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed of the reaching movements
that six subjects with Parkinson's disease and six healthy subjects
produced under self-determined maximal speed and visually cued conditions.
Subjects were required to reach as fast as possible to grasp a ball (i)
that was fixed stationary in the centre of a designated contact zone on an
inclined ramp (self-determined maximal speed condition), or (ii) that
rolled rapidly from left to right down the incline and into the contact
zone (visually cued condition). Parkinson's disease subjects displayed
bradykinesia when performing maximal speed reaches to the stationary ball,
but not when they reached for the moving ball. In response to the external
driving stimulus of the moving ball, Parkinson's disease subjects showed
the ability to exceed their self-determined maximal speed of reaching and
still maintain a movement accuracy that was comparable to that of healthy
subjects. Thus, the bradykinesia of Parkinson's disease subjects did not
seem to be the result of a basic deficit in their force production capacity
or to be a compensatory mechanism for poor movement accuracy. Instead,
bradykinesia appeared to result from the inability of Parkinson's disease
subjects to maximize their movement speed when required to internally drive
their motor output. The occasional failure of Parkinson's disease subjects
to successfully grasp the moving ball suggested errors of coincident
anticipation and impairments in grasp performance rather than limitations
in the speed or accuracy of their reaches. These results are discussed in
relation to the notion that the motor circuits of the basal ganglia play an
important role in the modulation of internally regulated movements.
ARTICLES
The reaching movements of patients with Parkinson's disease under self- determined maximal speed and visually cued conditions
Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, USA.
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