Brain, Vol 121, Issue 5 815-842, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
RD Rogers, BJ Sahakian, JR Hodges, CE Polkey, C Kennard and TW Robbins
Twelve patients with focal damage of the frontal cortex and 12 patients
with mild, medicated, early stage Parkinson's disease switched between
letter- and digit=naming tasks on every second trial of a task- switching
paradigm. Compared with age- and IQ-matched control performance, patients
with left-sided, but not right-sided, frontal damage exhibited markedly
increased time costs associated with these predictable switches only when
there was a general incidence of interference or 'crosstalk' between the
tasks, and particularly so when the available task cues were relatively
weak and arbitrary. The same patients also showed evidence of an increased
sensitivity to the facilitatory and inhibitory effects of previous
processing, when required to switch between tasks. Both groups of patients
(with left- or right-sided frontal damage) exhibited slow, disorganized
performance early in practice. In contrast to these frontal effects, the
Parkinson's disease patients showed little indication of larger time costs
of task switches but they did show progressive increases in the error
costs, while age- and IQ-matched control subjects showed reductions. We
propose that while both left and right frontal cortical areas are involved
in the organization of cognitive and motor processes in situations
involving novel task demands, only the left frontal cortex is involved in
the dynamic reconfiguring between already- established task-sets, and
specifically, that it is the site of an executive mechanism responsible for
the modulation of exogenous task- set activity. Finally, dopaminergic
transmission, along the nigrostriatal pathway, may be implicated in
sustaining various cognitive and motor processes over prolonged periods,
including the operation of those executive control mechanisms that
accomplish reconfiguring between task-sets.
ARTICLES
Dissociating executive mechanisms of task control following frontal lobe damage and Parkinson's disease
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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