Brain, Vol 121, Issue 7 1239-1248, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
PC Fletcher, T Shallice and RJ Dolan
Functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory consistently report an
association between memory encoding operations and left prefrontal cortex
(PFC) activation. Encoding-related activation has been described in
dorsolateral, ventrolateral and anterior prefrontal regions. We tested the
hypothesis that a specific component of this left PFC activation reflects
organizational processes necessary for optimal memory encoding. Subjects
underwent PET scans while learning auditorily presented word lists under
dual task conditions. The degree to which they were required to organize
word lists semantically was systematically varied across three experimental
conditions. A task in which words were already organized produced the least
degree of left PFC activity whereas a task requiring subjects to generate
an organizational structure was associated with maximal activity in this
region. This activation was localized to a region just above the inferior
frontal sulcus. The functional specificity of this increased activity for
organizational processes was tested using a concurrent distracting task
known to disrupt these processes. Distraction resulted in a significant
attenuation of this activation during the task emphasizing organizational
processes but not other encoding tasks. In contrast, the distraction task
resulted in reduced activity in a more ventral/anterior PFC region
expressed equally for all memory tasks. The findings indicate that a key
function of left dorsolateral PFC at encoding relates specifically to the
use of executive processes necessary for the creation of an organizational
structure. Activity in more ventral and anterior left PFC regions would
appear to reflect a less specific component of episodic memory encoding.
ARTICLES
The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory. I. Encoding
Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK. p.fletch@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
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