Brain, Vol. 124, No. 3, 480-492,
March 2001
© 2001 Oxford University Press
Two subsets of dendritic cells are present in human cerebrospinal fluid
1 Divisions of Neurology, 2 Infectious Diseases and 3 Ophthalmology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to:
Dr Mikhail Pashenkov, Division of Neurology, Huddinge University Hospital, R54, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden E-mail: Mikhail.Pashenkov{at}neurotec.ki.se
Little is known about the presence of dendritic cells in the human CNS. To investigate the occurrence of dendritic cells in the CSF, paired blood/CSF samples from patients with multiple sclerosis, acute optic neuritis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, other inflammatory neurological diseases and non-inflammatory neurological diseases were examined using flow cytometry. Almost all CSF samples contained myeloid (lin–CD11c+HLA-DR++CD123dim) and plasmacytoid (lin–CD11c–HLA-DR+CD123high) dendritic cells. In non-inflammatory neurological diseases, dendritic cells of either subset only constituted up to 1% of CSF mononuclear cells. Myeloid CSF dendritic cells were elevated in optic neuritis, neuroborreliosis and other inflammatory neurological disorders, while plasmacytoid dendritic cells were elevated in all neuroinflammatory conditions studied, with especially high numbers in neuroborreliosis. Numbers of CSF dendritic cells correlated with the common parameters of CNS inflammation. The myeloid dendritic cells in CSF expressed higher levels of HLA-DR, CD86, CD80 and CD40 than those in blood, whereas expression of these molecules by plasmacytoid dendritic cells was equal in blood and CSF. Both CSF and blood dendritic cells expressed the chemokine receptor CCR5. This is the first demonstration that dendritic cells are present in human CSF and that plasmacytoid dendritic cells are present in a non-lymphoid compartment. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CSF may contribute to orchestration of the local immune responses.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. L. Bailey-Bucktrout, S. C. Caulkins, G. Goings, J. A. A. Fischer, A. Dzionek, and S. D. Miller Cutting Edge: Central Nervous System Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Regulate the Severity of Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6457 - 6461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-C. Brehin, J. Mouries, M.-P. Frenkiel, G. Dadaglio, P. Despres, M. Lafon, and T. Couderc Dynamics of Immune Cell Recruitment during West Nile Encephalitis and Identification of a New CD19+B220-BST-2+ Leukocyte Population J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6760 - 6767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Ifergan, H. Kebir, M. Bernard, K. Wosik, A. Dodelet-Devillers, R. Cayrol, N. Arbour, and A. Prat The blood-brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells Brain, March 1, 2008; 131(3): 785 - 799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A. Kittan, A. Bergua, S. Haupt, N. Donhauser, P. Schuster, K. Korn, T. Harrer, and B. Schmidt Impaired Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Innate Immune Responses in Patients with Herpes Virus-Associated Acute Retinal Necrosis J. Immunol., September 15, 2007; 179(6): 4219 - 4230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Li, N. Chu, A. Hu, B. Gran, A. Rostami, and G.-X. Zhang Increased IL-23p19 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and its induction in microglia Brain, February 1, 2007; 130(2): 490 - 501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Zozulya, E. Reinke, D. C. Baiu, J. Karman, M. Sandor, and Z. Fabry Dendritic Cell Transmigration through Brain Microvessel Endothelium Is Regulated by MIP-1{alpha} Chemokine and Matrix Metalloproteinases J. Immunol., January 1, 2007; 178(1): 520 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Karman, H. H. Chu, D. O. Co, C. M. Seroogy, M. Sandor, and Z. Fabry Dendritic Cells Amplify T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7750 - 7760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Donaghy, J. Wilkinson, and A. L. Cunningham HIV interactions with dendritic cells: has our focus been too narrow? J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 80(5): 1001 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Hartmann, H. Graefe, A. Hopert, R. Pries, S. Rothenfusser, H. Poeck, B. Mack, S. Endres, G. Hartmann, and B. Wollenberg Analysis of Plasmacytoid and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Nasal Epithelium Clin. Vaccine Immunol., November 1, 2006; 13(11): 1278 - 1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Crawford and P. M. D. Hardwicke Characterizing the mechanisms and progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions. Arch Neurol, May 1, 2006; 63(5): 786 - 787. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Stasiolek, A. Bayas, N. Kruse, A. Wieczarkowiecz, K. V. Toyka, R. Gold, and K. Selmaj Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis Brain, May 1, 2006; 129(5): 1293 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C de Andres, A Esquivel, J G de Villoria, F Graus, and S Sanchez-Ramon Unusual magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid findings in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: a sequential study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 77(4): 562 - 563. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Curtin, G. D. King, C. Barcia, C. Liu, F. X. Hubert, C. Guillonneau, R. Josien, I. Anegon, P. R. Lowenstein, and M. G. Castro Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand Recruits Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to the Brain J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3566 - 3577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-E. Gottenberg, N. Cagnard, C. Lucchesi, F. Letourneur, S. Mistou, T. Lazure, S. Jacques, N. Ba, M. Ittah, C. Lepajolec, et al. Activation of IFN pathways and plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment in target organs of primary Sjogren's syndrome PNAS, February 21, 2006; 103(8): 2770 - 2775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Hatterer, N. Davoust, M. Didier-Bazes, C. Vuaillat, C. Malcus, M.-F. Belin, and S. Nataf How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes Blood, January 15, 2006; 107(2): 806 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Salazar, C. D. Pope, M. W. Moore, J. Pope, T. G. Kiely, and J. D. Radolf Lipoprotein-Dependent and -Independent Immune Responses to Spirochetal Infection Clin. Vaccine Immunol., August 1, 2005; 12(8): 949 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Friese and L. Fugger Autoreactive CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis: a new target for therapy? Brain, August 1, 2005; 128(8): 1747 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. Zabel, A. M. Silverio, and E. C. Butcher Chemokine-Like Receptor 1 Expression and Chemerin-Directed Chemotaxis Distinguish Plasmacytoid from Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Human Blood J. Immunol., January 1, 2005; 174(1): 244 - 251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Lande, E. Giacomini, B. Serafini, B. Rosicarelli, G. D. Sebastiani, G. Minisola, U. Tarantino, V. Riccieri, G. Valesini, and E. M. Coccia Characterization and Recruitment of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Synovial Fluid and Tissue of Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis J. Immunol., August 15, 2004; 173(4): 2815 - 2824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. H. Van Krinks, M. K. Matyszak, and J. S. Hill Gaston Characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in inflammatory arthritis synovial fluid Rheumatology, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 453 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Hartmann, B. Wollenberg, S. Rothenfusser, M. Wagner, D. Wellisch, B. Mack, T. Giese, O. Gires, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann Identification and Functional Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Head and Neck Cancer Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 63(19): 6478 - 6487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J Plumb, M A Armstrong, M Duddy, M Mirakhur, and S McQuaid CD83-positive dendritic cells are present in occasional perivascular cuffs in multiple sclerosis lesions Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2003; 9(2): 142 - 147. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Ahn, Y. Lee, C. Jeon, S.-J. Lee, B.-H. Lee, K. D. Choi, and Y.-S. Bae Identification of the genes differentially expressed in human dendritic cell subsets by cDNA subtraction and microarray analysis Blood, August 13, 2002; 100(5): 1742 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Dzionek, Y. Sohma, J. Nagafune, M. Cella, M. Colonna, F. Facchetti, G. Gunther, I. Johnston, A. Lanzavecchia, T. Nagasaka, et al. BDCA-2, a Novel Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-specific Type II C-type Lectin, Mediates Antigen Capture and Is a Potent Inhibitor of Interferon {alpha}/{beta} Induction J. Exp. Med., December 17, 2001; 194(12): 1823 - 1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|