Brain, Vol. 125, No. 7, 1558-1569,
July 2002
© 2002 Guarantors of Brain
Dopamine-dependent changes in the functional connectivity between basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in humans
1 Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK, 2 Department of Neurology and 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 4 Operative Unit of Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery CTO ‘A. Alesini’ Hospital, 5 Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica, Rome and 6 Institute of Neurological and Neurosurgical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Sicily, Italy
Correspondence to: P. Brown, Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG, UK E-mail: p.brown{at}ion.ac.uk
We test the hypothesis that interaction between the human basal ganglia and cerebral cortex involves activity in multiple functional circuits characterized by their frequency of oscillation, phase characteristics, dopamine dependency and topography. To this end we took recordings from macroelectrodes (MEs) inserted into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in eight awake patients following functional neurosurgery for Parkinson’s disease. An EEG was also recorded, as were the signals from MEs in the globus pallidus interna (GPi) in two of the cases. Coherence between EEG and ME potentials was apparent in three major frequency bands, 2–10 Hz, 10–30 Hz and 70–85 Hz. These rhythmic activities differed in their cortical topography, although coherence was always strongest over the midline. Coherence between EEG and ME potentials in the 70–85 Hz band was only recorded in patients treated with levodopa. Cortical activity phase led that in the basal ganglia in those oscillatory activities with frequencies <30 Hz. In contrast, STN and GPi phase led cortex in the 70–85 Hz band. The temporal differences in the way in which cortical activity led or lagged behind that in STN/GPi were similar, around 20 ms, regardless of the overall direction of information flow and frequency band. We conclude that the basal ganglia may receive multiple cortical inputs at frequencies <30 Hz and, in the presence of dopaminergic activity, produce a high frequency drive back to the cerebral cortex, in particular the supplementary motor area (SMA).
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