Brain Advance Access originally published online on July 6, 2005
Brain 2005 128(11):2535-2545; doi:10.1093/brain/awh585
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Vivid dreams, hallucinations, psychosis and REM sleep in Guillain–Barré syndrome
1 Fédération de Neurologie, 2 Fédération des Pathologies du Sommeil, 3 Inserm U360 and 4 Inserm U731, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 5 Physiologie et Biochimie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris and 6 UPRES EA2397, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
Correspondence to: Dr Isabelle Arnulf, Fédération des Pathologies du Sommeil, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France E-mail: isabelle.arnulf{at}psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
We conducted a prospective controlled study of the clinical and biological determinants of the mental status abnormalities in 139 patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and 55 patients without GBS placed in the intensive care unit (ICU controls). There were mental status changes in 31% of GBS patients and in 16% of controls (odds ratio = 2.3; P = 0.04). In GBS patients, they included vivid dreams (19%), illusions (30%, including an illusory body tilt), hallucinations (60%, mainly visual) and delusions (70%, mostly paranoid). They appeared a median 9 days after disease onset (range 1–40 days, during the progression or the plateau of the disease), and lasted a median 8 days. Seven (16%) patients experienced the symptoms before their admission to the ICU. Hallucinations were frequently hypnagogic, occurring as soon as the patients closed their eyes. Autonomic dysfunction, assisted ventilation and high CSF protein levels were significant risk factors for abnormal mental status in GBS patients. CSF hypocretin-1 (a hypothalamic neuropeptide deficient in narcolepsy) levels, measured in 20 patients, were lower in GBS patients with hallucinations (555 ± 132 pg/ml) than in those without (664 ± 71 pg/ml, P = 0.03). Since the mental status abnormalities had dream-like aspects, we examined their association with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) using continuous sleep monitoring in 13 GBS patients with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) hallucinations and 6 tetraplegic ICU controls without hallucinations. Although sleep was short and fragmented in all groups, REM sleep latency was shorter in GBS patients with hallucinations (56 ± 115 min) than in GBS patients without hallucinations (153 ± 130 min) and in controls (207 ± 179 min, P < 0.05). In addition, sleep structure was highly abnormal in hallucinators, with sleep onset in REM sleep periods (83%), abnormal eye movements during non-REM sleep (57%), high percentages of REM sleep without atonia (92 ± 22%), REM sleep behaviour disorders and autonomic dysfunction (100%), reminiscent of a status dissociatus. The sleep abnormalities, that were almost absent in non-hallucinated GBS patients, were not exclusively related to ICU conditions, since they also appeared out of ICU, and were reversible, disappearing when the mental status abnormalities vanished while the patients were still in ICU. In conclusion, the mental status abnormalities experienced by GBS patients are different from the ICU delirium, are strongly associated with autonomic dysfunction, severe forms of the disease and possibly with a transitory hypocretin-1 transmission decrease. Sleep studies suggest that mental status abnormalities are wakeful dreams caused by a sleep and dream-associated disorder (status dissociatus).
Key Words: Guillain–Barré syndrome; hallucinations; hypocretin; ICU syndrome; REM sleep; REM sleep behaviour disorders; status dissociatus
Abbreviations: CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; GBS = Guillain–Barré syndrome; ICU = intensive care unit; REM sleep = rapid eye movement sleep
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Received March 28, 2005. Revised May 31, 2005. Accepted June 10, 2005.
* These authors contributed equally to this work
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