Periventricular nodular heterotopia with overlying polymicrogyria
1 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Departments of 2 Human Genetics, 3 Neurology and 4 Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, 5 Department of Neurology and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 6 Department of Neuropathology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK, 7 Neurogenetics Unit, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute and Departments of 8 Neurology and Neurosurgery and 9 Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and 10 Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa and IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
Correspondence to: William B. Dobyns, MD, Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Room 319 CLSC, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA E-mail: wbd{at}genetics.uchicago.edu
Polymicrogyria (PMG) and periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) are two developmental brain malformations that have been described independently in multiple syndromes. Clinically, they present with epilepsy and developmental handicaps in both children and adults. Here we describe their occurrence together as the two major findings in a group of at least three cortical malformation syndromes. We identified 30 patients as having both PNH and PMG on brain imaging, reviewed clinical data and brain imaging studies (or neuropathology summary) for all, and performed mutation analysis of FLNA in nine patients. The group was divided into three subtypes based on brain imaging findings. The frontal-perisylvian PNH–PMG subtype included eight patients (seven males and one female) between 2 days and 10 years of age. It was characterized by PNH lining the lateral body and frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and by PMG most severe in the posterior frontal and perisylvian areas, occasionally with extension to the parietal lobes beyond the immediate perisylvian cortex. The posterior PNH–PMG subtype consisted of 20 patients (15 male and 5 female) between 5 days and 40 years of age. It was characterized by PNH in the trigones, temporal and posterior horns of the lateral ventricles, and PMG most severe in the temporo-parieto-occipital regions. The third type was found in 2 females aged 7 months and 2 years, and was characterized by severe congenital microcephaly and more diffuse cortical abnormality. The PNH–PMG subtypes described here have distinct imaging and clinical phenotypes that suggest multiple genetic aetiologies involving defects in multiple genes, and a shared pathophysiological mechanism for PNH and PMG. The frontal-perisylvian and posterior subtypes both had skewing of the sex ratio towards males, which suggests the possibility of X-linked inheritance. Delineation of these syndromes will also aid in providing more accurate diagnosis and prognostic information for patients with these malformations.
Key Words: heterotopia; microcephaly; periventricular nodular heterotopia; polymicrogyria; epilepsy; X-linked
Abbreviations: MIC = microcephaly; PMG = polymicrogyria; PNH = periventricular nodular heterotopia
Received March 8, 2005. Revised September 2, 2005. Accepted September 12, 2005.
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