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Brain Advance Access originally published online on December 19, 2005
Brain 2006 129(2):517-526; doi:10.1093/brain/awh707
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© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Myelin-laden macrophages are anti-inflammatory, consistent with foam cells in multiple sclerosis

Leonie A. Boven1, Marjan Van Meurs1, Marloes Van Zwam1, Annet Wierenga-Wolf1, Rogier Q. Hintzen2, Rolf G. Boot4, Johannes M. Aerts4, Sandra Amor5, Edward E. Nieuwenhuis3,* and Jon D. Laman1,*

1 Departments of Immunology and 2 Neurology, part of the multiple sclerosis Centre ErasMS, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, 5 Biomedical Primate Research Center, part of the multiple sclerosis Centre ErasMS, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

Correspondence to: Leonie A. Boven, PhD, Department of Immunology, Ee802, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: l.boven{at}erasmusmc.nl

Multiple sclerosis lesion activity concurs with the extent of inflammation, demyelination and axonal suffering. Pro-inflammatory myeloid cells contribute to lesion development, but the self-limiting nature of lesions implies as yet unidentified anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We addressed the hypothesis that myelin ingestion by myeloid cells induces a foamy appearance and confers anti-inflammatory function. First, we show that myelin-containing foam cells in multiple sclerosis lesions consistently express a series of anti-inflammatory molecules while lacking pro-inflammatory cytokines. Second, unique location-dependent cytokine and membrane receptor expression profiles imply functional specialization allowing for differential responses to micro-environmental cues. A novel human in vitro model of foamy macrophages functionally confirmed that myelin ingestion induces an anti-inflammatory programme. Foamy macrophages are unable to respond to prototypical inflammatory stimuli but do express molecules involved in suppression of inflammation. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of lesion control and may open new roads to intervention.

Key Words: autoimmunity; brain; chemokines; cytokines; inflammation

Abbreviations: MOG = myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; NAWM = normal appearing white matter; ORO = oil red O; PGES = prostaglandin E2 synthase

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Received August 1, 2005. Revised October 11, 2005. Accepted October 27, 2005.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.


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