Brain Advance Access originally published online on January 30, 2006
Brain 2006 129(4):911-922; doi:10.1093/brain/awl018
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Temporal lobe epilepsy after experimental prolonged febrile seizures: prospective analysis
Departments of 1 Anatomy/Neurobiology and 2 Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA and 3 Department of Neurology and Bioengineering, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Correspondence to: Tallie Z. Baram, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine, ZOT 4475, Irvine, CA 92697-4475, USA E-mail: tallie{at}uci.edu
Experimental prolonged febrile seizures (FS) lead to structural and molecular changes that promote hippocampal hyperexcitability and reduce seizure threshold to further convulsants. However, whether these seizures provoke later-onset epilepsy, as has been suspected in humans, has remained unclear. Previously, intermittent EEGs with behavioural observations for motor seizures failed to demonstrate spontaneous seizures in adult rats subjected to experimental prolonged FS during infancy. Because limbic seizures may be behaviourally subtle, here we determined the presence of spontaneous limbic seizures using chronic video monitoring with concurrent hippocampal and cortical EEGs, in adult rats (starting around 3 months of age) that had sustained experimental FS on postnatal day 10. These subjects were compared with groups that had undergone hyperthermia but in whom seizures had been prevented (hyperthermic controls), as well as with normothermic controls. Only events that fulfilled both EEG and behavioural criteria, i.e. electro-clinical events, were considered spontaneous seizures. EEGs (over 400 recorded hours) were normal in all normothermic and hyperthermic control rats, and none of these animals developed spontaneous seizures. In contrast, prolonged early-life FS evoked spontaneous electro-clinical seizures in 6 out of 17 experimental rats (35.2%). These seizures consisted of sudden freezing (altered consciousness) and typical limbic automatisms that were coupled with polyspike/sharp-wave trains with increasing amplitude and slowing frequency on EEG. In addition, interictal epileptiform discharges were recorded in 15 (88.2%) of the experimental FS group and in none of the controls. The large majority of hippocampally-recorded seizures were heralded by diminished amplitude of cortical EEG, that commenced half a minute prior to the hippocampal ictus and persisted after seizure termination. This suggests a substantial perturbation of normal cortical neuronal activity by these limbic spontaneous seizures. In summary, prolonged experimental FS lead to later-onset limbic (temporal lobe) epilepsy in a significant proportion of rats, and to interictal epileptifom EEG abnormalities in most others, and thus represent a model that may be useful to study the relationship between FS and human temporal lobe epilepsy.
Key Words: prolonged febrile seizures; temporal lobe epilepsy; video-EEG; rat; prospective study
Abbreviations: FS = febrile seizures; TLE = temporal lobe epilepsy
Received June 3, 2005. Revised November 18, 2005. Accepted January 2, 2006.
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