Childhood brain insult: can age at insult help us predict outcome?
1 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, 2 Department of Psychology, 3 Neuroscience, 4 Department of Radiology, RCH, Melbourne, 5 School of Behavioural Sciences and 6 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne
Correspondence to: Vicki Anderson, Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia E-mail: vicki.anderson{at}rch.org.au
Until recently, the impact of early brain insult (EBI) has been considered to be less significant than for later brain injuries, consistent with the notion that the young brain is more flexible and able to reorganize in the context of brain insult. This study aimed to evaluate this notion by comparing cognitive and behavioural outcomes for children sustaining EBI at different times from gestation to late childhood. Children with focal brain insults were categorized according to timing of brain insult, represented by six developmental periods: (i) Congenital (n = 38): EBI: first–second trimester; (ii) Perinatal (n = 33); EBI: third trimester to 1 month post-natal; (iii) Infancy (n = 23): EBI: 2 months–2 years post-birth; (iv) Preschool (n = 19): EBI: 3–6 years; (v) Middle Childhood (n = 31): EBI: 7–9 years; and (vi) Late Childhood (n = 19): EBI: after age 10. Groups were similar with respect to injury and demographic factors. Children were assessed for intelligence, academic ability, everyday executive function and behaviour. Results showed that children with EBI were at increased risk for impairment in all domains assessed. Furthermore, children sustaining EBI before age 2 years recorded global and significant cognitive deficits, while children with later EBI performed closer to normal expectations, suggesting a linear association between age at insult and outcome. In contrast, for behaviour, children with EBI from 7 to 9 years performed worse than those with EBI from 3 to 6 years, and more like those with younger insults, suggesting that not all functions share the same pattern of vulnerability with respect to age at insult.
Key Words: brain injury; plasticity; outcome; IQ; executive function; behaviour
Abbreviations: AL, age at lesion; BRIEF, Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function; EBI, early brain insult; ES, emotional symptoms; FSIQ, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; HYP, Hyperactivity-Inattention Scale; PIQ, Performance Intelligence Quotient; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SES, Socio-economic status
Received May 20, 2008. Revised September 1, 2008. Accepted October 10, 2008.
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