Brain Advance Access originally published online on April 15, 2009
Brain 2009 132(6):1441-1448; doi:10.1093/brain/awp082
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Sensory capacity of reinnervated skin after redirection of amputated upper limb nerves to the chest
1 Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Correspondence to: Paul D. Marasco, PhD, Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 E. Superior Street, Room 1309 Chicago, IL 60611, USA E-mail: p-marasco{at}northwestern.edu
Targeted reinnervation is a new neural-machine interface that has been developed to help improve the function of new-generation prosthetic limbs. Targeted reinnervation is a surgical procedure that takes the nerves that once innervated a severed limb and redirects them to proximal muscle and skin sites. The sensory afferents of the redirected nerves reinnervate the skin overlying the transfer site. This creates a sensory expression of the missing limb in the amputee's reinnervated skin. When these individuals are touched on this reinnervated skin they feel as though they are being touched on their missing limb. Targeted reinnervation takes nerves that once served the hand, a skin region of high functional importance, and redirects them to less functionally relevant skin areas adjacent to the amputation site. In an effort to better understand the sensory capacity of the reinnervated target skin following this procedure, we examined grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds on two amputees who had undergone the targeted reinnervation surgery. Grating orientation thresholds and point localization thresholds were also measured on the contralateral normal skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees and on analogous sites in able-bodied controls. Grating orientation thresholds for the reinnervated skin of the targeted reinnervation amputees were found to be similar to normal ranges for both the amputees’ contralateral skin and also for the control population. Point localization thresholds for these amputees were found to be lower for their reinnervated skin than for their contralateral skin. Reinnervated point localization thresholds values were also lower in comparison to homologous chest sites on the control population. Mechanisms appear to be in place to maximize re-established touch input in targeted reinnervation amputees. It seems that sound sensory function is provided to the denervated skin of the residual limb when connected to afferent pathways once serving highly functionally relevant regions of the brain. This suggests that tactile interface devices could be used to give a physiologically appropriate sense of touch to a prosthetic limb, which would likely help with better functional utilization of the prosthetic device and possibly help to more effectively integrate the device with the user's self-image.
Key Words: targeted reinnervation; sensation; grating orientation; point localization; amputee
Received January 12, 2009. Revised March 4, 2009. Accepted March 8, 2009.
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