Brain Advance Access originally published online on May 25, 2009
Brain 2009 132(9):2403-2412; doi:10.1093/brain/awp125
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Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome
1 Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA 2 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 3 Department of Nutrition, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA 4 Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Correspondence to: James R. Connor, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery (H110), Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA E-mail: jconnor{at}psu.edu
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder. Clinical studies have implicated the dopaminergic system in RLS, while others have suggested that it is associated with insufficient levels of brain iron. To date, alterations in brain iron status have been demonstrated but, despite suggestions from the clinical literature, there have been no consistent findings documenting a dopaminergic abnormality in RLS brain tissue. In this study, the substantia nigra and putamen were obtained at autopsy from individuals with primary RLS and a neurologically normal control group. A quantitative profile of the dopaminergic system was obtained. Additional assays were performed on a catecholaminergic cell line and animal models of iron deficiency. RLS tissue, compared with controls, showed a significant decrease in D2R in the putamen that correlated with severity of the RLS. RLS also showed significant increases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra, compared with the controls, but not in the putamen. Both TH and phosphorylated (active) TH were significantly increased in both the substantia nigra and putamen. There were no significant differences in either the putamen or nigra for dopamine receptor 1, dopamine transporters or for VMAT. Significant increases in TH and phosphorylated TH were also seen in both the animal and cell models of iron insufficiency similar to that from the RLS autopsy data. For the first time, a clear indication of dopamine pathology in RLS is revealed in this autopsy study. The results suggest cellular regulation of dopamine production that closely matches the data from cellular and animal iron insufficiency models. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a primary iron insufficiency produces a dopaminergic abnormality characterized as an overly activated dopaminergic system as part of the RLS pathology.
Key Words: PC12 cells; iron deficiency; movement disorders; sleep disorders; basal ganglia
Abbreviations: DAT, dopamine transporter; DFO, deferoxamine mesylate; ID, iron deficient; PC12, pheochromocytoma cell; pTH, phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase; RLS, restless leg syndrome; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
Received February 24, 2009. Revised April 7, 2009. Accepted April 7, 2009.