Brain Advance Access published online on October 1, 2008
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awn254
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The influence of parental history of Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein E 
4 on the BOLD signal during recognition memory
1Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2Department of Medicine and 3Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Correspondence to:
Sterling C. Johnson, PhD, William S. Middleton Memorial (VA) Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace (11G), GRECC, Madison, WI 53705, USA E-mail: scj{at}medicine.wisc.edu
First-degree family history (FH) of sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the apolipoprotein E 
4 allele (APOE4) are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease that may affect brain function prior to onset of clinical symptoms. In this functional MRI (fMRI) study, we used an episodic recognition task that required discrimination of previously viewed (PV) and novel (NV) faces to examine differences in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal due to risk factors in 74 middle-aged cognitively normal individuals. The group effects on this recognition task were tested with a 2 x 2 ANCOVA factorial design (+FH/–FH and +APOE4/–APOE4). There were significant APOE4 and FH effects in the left dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, where decreased risk resulted in greater activity during recollection. Recognition performance was positively correlated with BOLD signal in the left posterior hippocampus, parahippocampal–retrosplenial gyrus and left superior frontal cortex regardless of risk factors. To examine condition-specific group effects, both the PV and NV faces were tested further in separate 2 x 2 ANCOVAs. Both models revealed an APOE effect, with the –APOE4 group showing stronger signal than the +APOE4 group in anterior cingulate cortices, while a FH effect was found in the dorsal cuneus and medial frontal cortices with the –FH group showing stronger signal than the +FH group. Finally, interactions between APOE4 and FH effects were found bilaterally in the fusiform gyrus. These results suggest that risk factors and cognitive performance each influence brain activity during recognition. The findings lend further support to the idea that functional brain changes may begin far in advance of symptomatic Alzheimer's disease.
Key Words: Alzheimer's disease; risk factors; BOLD; event-related fMRI; d-prime
Abbreviations:
AFNI, analysis of Functional NeuroImages; APOE4, apolipoprotein E 4 allele; BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent; d', d-prime; FAR, false alarm rate; FH, first-degree family history; fMRI, functional MRI; HR, hit rate; MTL, mesial temporal lobe; NV, novel; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PV, previously viewed; SPM5, statistical parametric mapping software; TR, repetition time
Received May 19, 2008. Revised August 13, 2008. Accepted September 8, 2008.