New insights for glutaric aciduria type I
Received March 24, 2006. Accepted April 25, 2006.
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-1) is due to recessively inherited glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency and causes age-dependent susceptibility to acute striatal necrosis. A better understanding of the cellular and biochemical events underlying striatal damage will be required to prevent this devastating injury. The majority of past research effort has focused on the potential role of glutaric or 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-HGA) by exposure of cultured cells or brain slices to these metabolites in vitro, or their injection into rodent striatum (Kolker et al., 2004
). The GCDH-deficient mouse created by Koeller et al. (2002) does not develop striatal injury spontaneously. However, we have found that feeding the mouse a diet high in protein or lysine triggers an age-dependent severe neuropathology that mimics the human disease (Zinnanti et al., 2006).
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3-Hydroxyglutaric acid |
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Kolker et al. (2004)
has noted that clarification is needed regarding 3-HGA concentrations in our diet-induced mouse model (Zinnanti et al., 2006). We did in fact measure brain levels of 3-HGA in the GCDH-deficient mice on normal and high-lysine diets. Our initial measurements indicated that 3-HGA levels were similar to those previously reported (Koeller et al., 2002). Subsequent measurements without using a lipid removal step showed reduced variability and revealed a significant increase in 3-HGA of 
90% in Gcdh-/- mice on the lysine diet compared with the normal diet (manuscript in preparation). This finding by itself leaves open the possibility of a role for 3-HGA in the pathogenesis of GA-1.
It should be noted that the effects of 3-HGA in vitro have not been demonstrated at levels found in human GA-1 brain, making the importance of brain 3-HGA in the pathogenesis of GA-1 unclear. Furthermore, 3-HGA has been an incidental finding in other disorders that do not involve striatal necrosis (Molven et al., 2004; Korman et al., 2005), though levels in the various tissue compartments were not tested. Testing the toxicity of 3-HGA by its exogenous application at concentrations 10–100-fold greater than levels found in brains of GA-1 patients makes the assumption that 3-HGA accumulates in extracellular compartments at a substantial gradient to intracellular concentrations. In light of recent data showing low membrane permeability of glutaric acid and 3-HGA (Sauer et al., 2006) as well as cerebrospinal fluid 3-HGA concentrations 100-fold lower than brain tissue levels (Schor et al., 2002), such an extracellular accumulation seems unlikely.
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Glutaric acid differences between Gcdh–/– mice and human GA-1 |
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Our studies have shown brain glutaric acid levels in GCDH-deficient mice on a normal diet to be 500 µM (Zinnanti et al., 2006
), similar to levels found in the original description of the GCDH-deficient mouse (Koeller et al., 2002). Autopsy of human GA-1 brains has consistently shown higher brain glutaric acid levels of 1250 µM (Leibel et al., 1980; Goodman and Frerman, 1995). The failure of the GCDH mouse to develop striatal disease spontaneously may be due to this difference. The current model of age-dependent encephalopathy using lysine feeding of weanling GCDH-deficient mice may be used to resolve differences in developmental susceptibility in human GA-1. Most importantly, further use of the model may lead to therapeutic interventions for human GA-1.
1 Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, PA 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, PA 3 Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, PA 4 Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine Hershey, PA 5 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, CO, USA
Correspondence to: Keith C. Cheng and William J. Zinnanti, Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA E-mail: kcheng76{at}gmail.com or wjz105{at}psu.edu
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References |
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