Brain, Vol. 122, No. 5, 883-893,
May 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger
1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2 Department of Psychology, University College London, 3 Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, 4 School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
Correspondence to:
Dr R. J. R. Blair, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
Previous neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have investigated the neural substrates which mediate responses to fearful, disgusted and happy expressions. No previous studies have investigated the neural substrates which mediate responses to sad and angry expressions. Using functional neuroimaging, we tested two hypotheses. First, we tested whether the amygdala has a neural response to sad and/or angry facial expressions. Secondly, we tested whether the orbitofrontal cortex has a specific neural response to angry facial expressions. Volunteer subjects were scanned, using PET, while they performed a sex discrimination task involving static grey-scale images of faces expressing varying degrees of sadness and anger. We found that increasing intensity of sad facial expression was associated with enhanced activity in the left amygdala and right temporal pole. In addition, we found that increasing intensity of angry facial expression was associated with enhanced activity in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. We found no support for the suggestion that angry expressions generate a signal in the amygdala. The results provide evidence for dissociable, but interlocking, systems for the processing of distinct categories of negative facial expression.
amygdala; orbitofrontal cortex; sadness; anger; facial expression
ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; rCBF = regional cerebral blood flow; SPM = statistical parametric mapping
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