Brain, Vol. 122, No. 6, 1157-1168,
June 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
Impaired grip–lift synergy in children with unilateral brain lesions
1 Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 2 Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Intégrative et Adaptative, Université de Provence/CNRS, Marseille, France and 3 Department of Paediatrics, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Correspondence to:
Hans Forssberg, Motorik Laboratory, Astrid Lindgren Hospital, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: hansf{at}child.ks.se
Children with spastic hemiplegia have impaired dexterity in the affected extremity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the force co-ordination pattern during precision grip in 13 children between 4 and 10 years of age with predominant unilateral brain lesions is related to manual dexterity and to the location and size of the brain lesion. The force co-ordination pattern was investigated by means of a specially designed object that monitored the isometric fingertip forces applied to the contact surfaces during precision grip. Hand function was measured by means of neurological examination, functional hand-grips and dexterity. Brain lesions were identified by series of ultrasound and MRI scans. Normally, the fingertip forces are applied to the object in the initial phase of the lift in an invariant force co-ordination pattern (i.e. grip–lift synergy), in which the grip and load forces are initiated simultaneously and increase in parallel with unimodal force rate trajectories. A majority of children with unilateral brain lesions had not developed the force co-ordination pattern typical for their age, but produced an immature or a pathological pattern. The developmental level of the grip–lift synergy was determined and quantified according to criteria derived from earlier studies on normally developed children. There was a clear relationship between the developmental level of the grip–lift synergy and impaired dexterity, indicating that proper development of the force co-ordination pattern is important for skilled hand function. The grip–lift synergy correlated with the total extent of lesions in the contralateral cortex and white matter and with lesions in the thalamus/basal ganglia, while no correlation was found for isolated cortical lesions. The results suggest that the neural circuits involved in the control of the precision grip are organized in a parallel and distributed system in the hemispheres, and that the basal ganglia are important during the formation of these circuits. Perinatal lesions in specific cortical motor areas may be compensated for by circuits elsewhere in the grip–lift motor system, while large lesions exclude this possibility.
unilateral brain lesion; grip; dexterity; children; cerebral palsy
M1 = primary motor cortex; PM = premotor cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area
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