Brain, Vol. 123, No. 10, 2091-2108,
October 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease
1 Departments of Medicine, Division of Neurology and 2 Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University of Toronto and The Toronto Western Hospital, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 4 Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada and 5 Colorado Neurological Institute, Englewood, Colorado, USA
Correspondence to:
Dr Jean Saint-Cyr, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Centre for Movement Disorders, Main Pavillion, 11-304, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8 E-mail: jean{at}playfair.utoronto.ca
The aim of this study was to examine possible neuropsychological changes in patients with advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease treated with bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Eleven patients (age = 67 ± 8 years, years with Parkinson's disease = 15 ± 3, verbal IQ = 114 ± 12) were evaluated (in their best `on state') with tests assessing processes reliant on the functional integrity of frontal striatal circuitry, prior to the procedure (n = 11), at 3–6 months (n = 11) and at 9–12 months (n =10) post-operatively. Six of these patients were older than 69 years. Despite clinical motor benefits at 3–6 months post-operative, significant declines were noted in working memory, speed of mental processing, bimanual motor speed and co-ordination, set switching, phonemic fluency, long-term consolidation of verbal material and the encoding of visuospatial material. Declines were more consistently observed in patients who were older than 69 years, leading to a mental state comparable with progressive supranuclear palsy. `Frontal' behavioural dyscontrol without the benefit of insight was also reported by half (three of six) of the caregivers of the elderly subgroup. At 9–12 months postoperative, only learning based on multiple trials had recovered. Tasks reliant on the integrity of frontal striatal circuitry either did not recover or gradually worsened over time. Bilateral STN DBS can have a negative impact on various aspects of frontal executive functioning, especially in patients older than 69 years. Future studies will evaluate a larger group of patients and examine the possible reversibility of these effects by turning the DBS off.
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