Brain, Vol. 124, No. 12, 2503-2512,
December 2001
© 2001 Oxford University Press
Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson's disease
1 Department of Experimental Psychology, 2 Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Neurology and 3 Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Correspondence to:
Trevor W. Robbins, University of Cambridge, Department of Experimental Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB3 9DF, UK E-mail: twr2{at}cam.ac.uk
Previous research on cognitive set shifting in patients with Parkinson's disease has often been confounded by concept formation, rule learning, working memory and/or general slowing of cognitive processes. To circumvent this problem, the present study used the task-set switching procedure in which good performance was independent of rule learning, and in which working memory load was reduced by explicitly cueing the task switches. Our results provide strong evidence for a specific cognitive set shifting deficit in patients with mild Parkinson's disease in a non-learning context, which also cannot be explained by general slowing of cognitive processes. Moreover, the deficit was robust in a small sample of patients at the earliest stages of the disease. Finally, the impairment in task-set switching was only apparent when competing information was present, i.e. when the load on selection mechanisms was increased.
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