Brain, Vol. 124, No. 5, 849-881,
May 2001
© 2001 Oxford University Press
Invited review |
Frontal lobes and human memory
Insights from functional neuroimaging
1 Research Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge and 2 Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
Correspondence to:
P. C. Fletcher, Box 189, Research Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK E-mail: pcf22@cam.ac.uk
The new functional neuroimaging techniques, PET and functional MRI (fMRI), offer sufficient experimental flexibility and spatial resolution to explore the functional neuroanatomical bases of different memory stages and processes. They have had a particular impact on our understanding of the role of the frontal cortex in memory processing. We review the insights that have been gained, and attempt a synthesis of the findings from functional imaging studies of working memory, encoding in episodic memory and retrieval from episodic memory. Though these different aspects of memory have usually been studied in isolation, we suggest that there is sufficient convergence with respect to frontal activations to make such a synthesis worthwhile. We concentrate in particular on three regions of the lateral frontal cortex—ventrolateral, dorsolateral and anterior—that are consistently activated in these studies, and attribute these activations to the updating/maintenance of information, the selection/manipulation/monitoring of that information, and the selection of processes/subgoals, respectively. We also acknowledge a number of empirical inconsistencies associated with this synthesis, and suggest possible reasons for these. More generally, we predict that the resolution of questions concerning the functional neuroanatomical subdivisions of the frontal cortex will ultimately depend on a fuller cognitive psychological fractionation of memory control processes, an enterprise that will be guided and tested by experimentation. We expect that the neuroimaging techniques will provide an important part of this enterprise.
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M. S. Bagary, M. R. Symms, G. J. Barker, S. H. Mutsatsa, E. M. Joyce, and M. A. Ron Gray and White Matter Brain Abnormalities in First-Episode Schizophrenia Inferred From Magnetization Transfer Imaging Arch Gen Psychiatry, August 1, 2003; 60(8): 779 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. N. Wood Social Cognition and the Prefrontal Cortex Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, June 1, 2003; 2(2): 97 - 114. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. P. Alexander, D. T. Stuss, and N. Fansabedian California Verbal Learning Test: performance by patients with focal frontal and non-frontal lesions Brain, June 1, 2003; 126(6): 1493 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. E. Cutting, C. W. Koth, E. M. Mahone, and M. B. Denckla Evidence for Unexpected Weaknesses in Learning in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Without Reading Disabilities J Learn Disabil, May 1, 2003; 36(3): 259 - 269. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. K. Johnson, C. L. Raye, K. J. Mitchell, E. J. Greene, and A. W. Anderson fMRI Evidence for an Organization of Prefrontal Cortex by Both Type of Process and Type of Information Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2003; 13(3): 265 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. D. Greicius, B. Krasnow, A. L. Reiss, and V. Menon Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis PNAS, January 7, 2003; 100(1): 253 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. F. Bartholomeusz, G. Box, C. Van Rooy, and P. J. Nathan The modulatory effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor function on object working memory in humans J Psychopharmacol, January 1, 2003; 17(1): 9 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. Daselaar, D. J. Veltman, S. A. R. B. Rombouts, J. G. W. Raaijmakers, and C. Jonker Neuroanatomical correlates of episodic encoding and retrieval in young and elderly subjects Brain, January 1, 2003; 126(1): 43 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Dehaene-Lambertz, S. Dehaene, and L. Hertz-Pannier Functional Neuroimaging of Speech Perception in Infants Science, December 6, 2002; 298(5600): 2013 - 2015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Budson, A. L. Sullivan, E. Mayer, K. R. Daffner, P. M. Black, and D. L. Schacter Suppression of false recognition in Alzheimer's disease and in patients with frontal lobe lesions Brain, December 1, 2002; 125(12): 2750 - 2765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Simons, M. Verfaellie, C. J. Galton, B. L. Miller, J. R. Hodges, and K. S. Graham Recollection-based memory in frontotemporal dementia: implications for theories of long-term memory Brain, November 1, 2002; 125(11): 2523 - 2536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Van Petten, B. J. Luka, S. R. Rubin, and J. P. Ryan Frontal Brain Activity Predicts Individual Performance in an Associative Memory Exclusion Test Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2002; 12(11): 1180 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Royall, E. C. Lauterbach, J. L. Cummings, A. Reeve, T. A. Rummans, D. I. Kaufer, W. C. LaFrance Jr., and C. E. Coffey Executive Control Function: A Review of Its Promise and Challenges for Clinical Research. A Report From the Committee on Research of the American Neuropsychiatric Association J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2002; 14(4): 377 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. D. Kopelman Disorders of memory Brain, October 1, 2002; 125(10): 2152 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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