Brain Advance Access originally published online on November 25, 2003
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Brain, Vol. 127, No. 5, 949-964, 2004
© 2004 Guarantors of Brain
doi: 10.1093/brain/awh045
Review Article |
Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer’s disease
1 Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK and 2 INSERM U593, Bordeaux, France
Correspondence to: Hélène Amieva, INSERM U593, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, FranceE-mail: Helene.Amieva{at}isped.u-bordeaux2.fr
We present a comprehensive review of studies assessing inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer’s disease. The objectives of this review are: (i) to establish whether Alzheimer’s disease affects all inhibitory mechanisms equally, and (ii) where possible, to assess whether any effects of Alzheimer’s disease on inhibition tasks might be caused by other cognitive deficits, such as slowed processing. We review inhibitory mechanisms considered to play a crucial role in various domains of cognition, such as inhibition involved in working memory, selective attention and shifting abilities, and the inhibition of motor and verbal responses. It was found that whilst most inhibitory mechanisms are affected by the disorder, some are relatively preserved, suggesting that inhibitory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease may not be the result of a general inhibitory breakdown. In particular, the experimental results reviewed showed that Alzheimer’s disease has a strong effect on tasks requiring controlled inhibition processes, such as the Stroop task. However, the presence of the disease appears to have relatively little effect on tasks requiring more automatic inhibition, such as the inhibition of return task. Thus, the distinction between automatic, reflexive inhibitory mechanisms and controlled inhibitory mechanisms may be critical when predicting the integrity of inhibitory mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Substantial effects of Alzheimer’s disease on tasks such as negative priming, which are not cognitively complex but do require some degree of controlled inhibition, support this hypothesis. A meta-analytic review of seven studies on the Stroop paradigm revealed substantially larger effects of Alzheimer’s disease on the inhibition condition relative to the baseline condition, suggesting that these deficits do not simply reflect general slowing.
Key Words: inhibition; ageing; dementia; Alzheimer’s disease
Abbreviations: IOR = inhibition of return; NP = negative priming; RIF = retrieval-induced forgetting
Received February 6, 2003. Revised July 18, 2003. Accepted September 30, 2003.
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