Brain Advance Access originally published online on May 3, 2006
Brain 2006 129(7):1659-1673; doi:10.1093/brain/awl082
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Review Articles |
Plasticity in the human central nervous system
Division of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
Correspondence to: Dr Sam Cooke, Division of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK E-mail: scooke{at}nimr.mrc.ac.uk
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a well-characterized form of synaptic plasticity that fulfils many of the criteria for a neural correlate of memory. LTP has been studied in a variety of animal models and, in rodents in particular, there is now a strong body of evidence demonstrating common underlying molecular mechanisms in LTP and memory. Results are beginning to emerge from studies of neural plasticity in humans. This review will summarize findings demonstrating that synaptic LTP can be induced in human CNS tissue and that rodent and human LTP probably share similar molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the application of non-invasive stimulation techniques to awake human subjects to induce LTP-like long-lasting changes in localized neural activity. These techniques have potential therapeutic application in manipulating neural plasticity to treat a variety of conditions, including depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
Key Words: long-term potentiation; long-term depression; transcranial magnetic stimulation; interventional paired associative stimulation; NMDA receptor
Abbreviations:
AMPA, 
-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-propionate; CA1, cornus ammonis 1; CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP-responsive element binding protein; ERP, event-related potential; IPAS, interventional paired associative stimulation; LTD, long-term depression; LTP, long-term potentiation; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; NR1, 2A and 2B, NMDA receptor subunits 1, 2A and 2B; PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Received December 19, 2005. Revised March 7, 2006. Accepted March 9, 2006.
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