Brain Advance Access originally published online on July 11, 2007
Brain 2007 130(9):2354-2366; doi:10.1093/brain/awm149
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Interictal high-frequency oscillations (100–500 Hz) in the intracerebral EEG of epileptic patients
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
Correspondence to: Jean Gotman, PhD, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montréal (Québec), Canada H3A 2B4. E-mail: jean.gotman{at}mcgill.ca
Interictal fast oscillations between 100 and 500 Hz have been reported in signals recorded from implanted microelectrodes in epileptic patients and experimental rat models. Oscillations between 250 and 500 Hz, or fast ripples (FR), appeared related to the epileptic focus whereas ripples (80–200 Hz) were not. We report high-frequency oscillations recorded with intracranial macroelectrodes in seven patients with refractory focal epilepsy during slow-wave sleep. We characterize the relation of fast oscillations to the seizure focus and quantify their concordance with epileptiform transients, with which they are strongly associated. The patients were selected because interictal spikes were found within and outside the seizure onset zone. Visual inspection was used to identify and classify the ripples and FRs according to their relation to epileptiform spikes. Continuous-time wavelet analysis was used to compute their power. Ripples were present in all patients while FRs where found in five of the seven patients. Most ripples and FRs occurred at the same time as epileptiform transients. The rate of occurrence of ripples was higher within the seizure onset zone than outside in four of seven patients. The rate of FRs was much higher within the seizure onset zone than outside in four of the five patients with FRs (in these four patients, FRs were almost inexistent outside the seizure onset zone). The power of ripples and FRs tended to be higher in the electrodes where their rate was also higher. These results indicate that FRs were more restricted to the electrodes located within the seizure onset zone, especially to the hippocampus, than ripples. In only one patient, FRs were more frequent outside the seizure onset zone; this patient was the only one with cortical dysplasia and the electrode with a high rate of FRs was inside the lesion. This study demonstrates that interictal ripples and FRs can be recorded with depth macroelectrodes in patients. Most occur at the time of epileptiform spikes but some are isolated. Ripples do not show a clear differentiation between the seizure onset zone and remote areas, whereas FRs have a higher rate and higher power in the seizure onset zone. Our results also suggest a special capacity of the abnormal hippocampus to generate FRs, although they were also recorded in other structures.
Key Words: intracerebral EEG; ripples; fast ripples; high-frequency oscillations; spikes
Abbreviations: HFOs, high-frequency oscillations; FR, fast ripples; SEEG, stereoelectroencephalographic
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Received March 8, 2007. Revised May 17, 2007. Accepted May 31, 2007.
*Present address: University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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