Brain Advance Access published online on July 7, 2003
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awg233
© 2003 by Guarantors of Brain
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Article
1 Department of Neurology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
* Corresponding author. E-mail: yuki{at}dokkyomed.ac.jp.
Received 25 February 2003
; revised 28 April 2003
; accepted 7 May 2003
Bickerstaff reported eight patients who, in addition to acute ophthalmoplegia and ataxia, showed drowsiness, extensor plantar responses or hemisensory loss. This condition has been named Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE). One patient had gross flaccid weakness in the four limbs. Presumably because of the rarity of this disorder, there has been no reported study on a large number of patients with BBE. To clarify its clinical features, we reviewed detailed clinical profiles and laboratory findings for 62 cases of BBE diagnosed by the strict criteria of progressive, relatively symmetrical external ophthalmoplegia and ataxia by 4 weeks, and disturbance of consciousness or hyperreflexia. Ninety-two per cent of the patients involved had had an antecedent illness. Besides ophthalmoplegia and ataxia, disturbance of consciousness was frequent (74%), and facial diplegia (45%), Babinski's sign (40%) and pupillary abnormality and bulbar palsy (34%) were present. Almost all the patients had a monophasic remitting course and generally a good outcome. Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody was positive in 66%, and MRI showed brain abnormality in 30% of the patients. Another striking feature was the association with flaccid symmetrical tetraparesis, seen in 60% of the patients. An autopsy study of a BBE patient clearly showed the presence of definite inflammatory changes in the brainstem: there was perivascular lymphocytic infiltration with oedema and glial nodules. Electrodiagnostic study results suggested peripheal motor axonal degeneration. Limb weakness in the BBE cases studied was considered the result of overlap with the axonal subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome. These findings confirm that BBE constitutes a clinical entity and provide additional clinical and laboratory feaures of BBE. A considerable number of BBE patients have associated axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome, indicative that the two disorders are closely related and form a continuous spectrum.
Keywords: Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis; Guillain-Barré syndrome; Fisher syndrome; anti-GQ1b antibody
Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome
2 Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
3 Department of Neurology, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
4 Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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