Brain Advance Access published online on January 14, 2004
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awh033
© 2004 by Guarantors of Brain
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Review Article
1 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lev G. Goldfarb, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4B37, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1361, Bethesda, MD 20892-1361, USA
* Corresponding author. E-mail: goldfarbl{at}ninds.nih.gov.
Received 6 June 2003
; revised 28 July 2003
; accepted 16 September 2003
Desmin myopathy is a recently identified disease associated with mutations in desmin or
Keywords: Desmin myopathy
2 Laboratoire Cytosquelette et Développement, UMR CNRS 7000, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
3 Department of Neuropathology, Mainz University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
B-crystallin. Typically, the illness presents with lower limb muscle weakness slowly spreading to involve truncal, neck-flexor, facial, bulbar and respiratory muscles. Skeletal myopathy is often combined with cardiomyopathy manifested by conduction blocks and arrhythmias resulting in premature sudden death. Sections of the affected skeletal and cardiac muscles show abnormal fibre areas containing amorphous eosinophilic deposits seen as granular or granulofilamentous material on electron microscopic examination. Immuno-staining for desmin is positive in each region containing abnormal structures. The inheritance pattern in familial desmin myopathy is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive, but many cases have no family history. At least some, and probably most, non-familial desmin myopathy cases are associated with de novo desmin mutations. Age of disease onset and rate of progression may vary depending on the type of inheritance and location of the causative mutation. Multiple mutations have been identified in the desmin gene: point substitutions, insertion, small in-frame deletions and a larger exon-skipping deletion. The majority of these mutations are located in conserved -helical segments of desmin. Many of the missense mutations result in changing the original amino acid into proline, which is known as a helix breaker. Studies of transfected cell cultures indicate that mutant desmin is assembly-incompetent and able to disrupt a pre-existing filamentous network in dominant-negative fashion. Disease-associated desmin mutations in humans or transgenic mice cause accumulation of chimeric intracellular aggregates containing desmin and other cytoskeletal proteins. B-crystallin serves in the muscle as a chaperone preventing desmin aggregation under various forms of stress. If mutated, B-crystallin may cause a myopathy similar to those resulting from desmin mutations. Routine genetic testing of patients for mutations in desmin and B- crystallin genes is now available and necessary for establishing an accurate diagnosis and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Better understanding of disease pathogenesis would stimulate research focused on developing specific treatments for these conditions.B-crystallin; cardiomyopathy; desmin; desmin myopathy; desmin-related myopathy; myofibrillar myopathy
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