Brain Advance Access published online on April 16, 2004
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awh169
© 2004 by Guarantors of Brain
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1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: twr2{at}cam.ac.uk.
Executive functions such as task-set switching are thought to depend on the frontal cortex. However, more precision is required in identifying which components of such high-level processes relate to which, if any, subregions of the brain. In a recent study of 19 patients with focal right frontal (RF) lesions and 17 with left frontal (LF) lesions, we found that response inhibition, as measured by the stop-signal task, was specifically disrupted by damage to the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The present study examined task-switching performance in this same group of patients and in matched controls on the grounds that inhibitory mechanisms may also be required to switch task-set. Both RF and LF patients showed significantly larger switch costs (the difference, in reaction time and errors, between changing tasks and repeating the same task) than controls, but apparently for different reasons. For RF patients, a part of the switch deficit could be accounted for by impaired inhibition of inappropriate responses or task-sets triggered by stimuli, and one measure of the switch cost correlated reliably with damage to the IFG, specifically the pars opercularis (POp). For LF patients, a part of the switch deficit may have arisen from weak top-down control of task-set. The degree of top-down control correlated reliably with the extent of damage to the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). This study localizes two components of the complex task-switching process (inhibition of task-sets and/or responses and top-down control of task-set) to the right IFG/POp and the left MFG respectively. Key Words:
Keywords: inhibition; executive function; middle frontal gyrus; inferior frontal gyrus; pars opercularis
Revised February 18, 2004
Accepted February 21, 2004
Article
A componential analysis of task-switching deficits associated with lesions of left and right frontal cortex
2 School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
4 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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