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Brain Advance Access published online on November 29, 2005
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awh685
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© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received May 4, 2005
Revised September 14, 2005
Accepted October 17, 2005

Article

Cerebellar damage produces selective deficits in verbal working memory

Susan M. Ravizza 1 *, Cristin A. McCormick 2, John E. Schlerf 3, Timothy Justus 4, Richard B. Ivry 3, and Julie A. Fiez 5

1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
2 Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
3 Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
4 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
5 Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Susan M. Ravizza, E-mail: susan.ravizza{at}ucdmc.ucdavis.edu


  Abstract

The cerebellum is often active in imaging studies of verbal working memory, consistent with a putative role in articulatory rehearsal. While patients with cerebellar damage occasionally exhibit a mild impairment on standard neuropsychological tests of working memory, these tests are not diagnostic for exploring these processes in detail. The current study was designed to determine whether damage to the cerebellum is associated with impairments on a range of verbal working memory tasks, and if so, under what circumstances. Moreover, we assessed the hypothesis that these impairments are related to impaired rehearsal mechanisms. Patients with damage to the cerebellum (n = 15) exhibited a selective deficit in verbal working memory: spatial forward and backward spans were normal, but forward and backward verbal spans were lower than controls. While the differences were significant, digit spans were relatively preserved, especially in comparison to the dramatic reductions typically observed in classic ‘short-term memory’ patients with perisylvian brain damage. The patients tended to be more impaired on a verbal version compared to a spatial version of a working memory task with a long delay and this impairment was correlated with overall symptom and dysarthria severity. These results are consistent with a contribution of the cerebellum to rehearsal and suggest that inclusion of a delay before recall is especially detrimental in individuals with cerebellar damage. However, when we examined markers of rehearsal (i.e. word-length and articulatory suppression effects) in an immediate serial recall task, we found that qualitative aspects of the patients' rehearsal strategies were unaffected. We propose that the cerebellum may contribute to verbal working memory during the initial phonological encoding and/or by strengthening memory traces rather than by fundamentally subserving covert articulatory rehearsal.

Keywords: verbal working memory; cerebellum; dysarthria; spatial memory.
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