Brain Advance Access published online on August 21, 2008
Brain, doi:10.1093/brain/awn193
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Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1)
1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Niemannsweg 147 and 2Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Olshausenstr 62, Kiel, Germany
Correspondence to:
Paul Christian Baier, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, 24105 Kiel, Germany E-mail: p.baier{at}zip-kiel.de
Until recently, olfactory dysfunction was an unknown feature of narcolepsy. Orexin A, also called hypocretin-1, is abnormally decreased or undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic patients with cataplexies. As hypothalamic orexin-containing neurons project throughout the entire olfactory pathway, from the olfactory mucosa to the olfactory cortex, disturbed orexinergic transmission may crucially be involved in impaired olfactory performance of narcolepsy patients. In our study we analysed the olfactory performance (threshold, discrimination, identification and sum score of these measurements, the TDI score) of narcoleptic patients with cataplexies (n = 10) and of age-, gender-, BMI- and smoker/non-smoker-matched healthy controls (n = 10). We then in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design applied orexin A intranasally to seven of the patients and measured 2-phenyl-ethyl alcohol (PEA) single-staircase odour detection thresholds. Compared to the controls, patients showed significantly lower scores for olfactory threshold (patients: median 8.0, range 4.0–10.5; controls: median 9.4, range 7.5–13.3; P < 0.05), discrimination (patients: median 12.5, range 10–15; controls: median 15.0, range 12–16; P < 0.005), identification (patients: median 13.0, range 10–16; controls: median 14.0, range 13–16; P < 0.05) and TDI score (patients: median 33.4, range 30–36; controls: median 38.4, range 35–43; P < 0.0001). In all patients, the PEA olfactory threshold score increased after administration of orexin A (median 11.5, range 6.5–13.25) compared to placebo (median 7.75, range 6.25–11.25; P < 0.05). Our results support the hypothesis that mild olfactory dysfunction is an intrinsic symptom of narcolepsy with cataplexies. The observation that intranasal orexin A restores olfactory function is in favour of this hypothesis. Furthermore, our data support that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying olfactory dysfunction in narcolepsy is the lack of CNS orexin.
Key Words: narcolepsy; cataplexy; orexin A; hypocretin-1; olfactory dysfunction
Abbreviations: HLA, human leucocyte antigen; OD, olfactory dysfunction; PEA, 2-phenyl-ethyl alcohol; RBD, REMsleep behaviour disorder; TDI score, threshold discrimination identification score; UNS, Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale
Received May 9, 2008. Revised July 16, 2008. Accepted July 29, 2008.
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